COMPUTER BASED CENSUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A CASE STUDY OF
NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION (NPC)
BY
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
SCIENCE
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY IKWO
NDUFU-ALIKEE, IKWO EBONYI
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD
OF (B.SC) BACHELOR, OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
MAY, 2017
APPROVAL
PAGE
This is to certify that this work carried out
under the supervision of XXXXXXX as been read and accepted as meeting the
requirement for the Award of Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science.
_____________________
_____________________
XXXXX
XXXXX
Date
Date
Project
Supervisor Head
of Department
CERTIFICATION PAGE
This
is to certify that XXXXXXXX carried out
this project. The research work has not been submitted elsewhere for the award
of a degree.
DEDICATION
This
project is dedicated to Mother Mary, the very mother of Jesus Christ who is God
the son, to God Almighty who made every provision possible for us to attain this
academic level.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We
wish to thank God Almighty for His mercy and protection on us from the time of birth
through this academic journey.
Finally,
we will not forget to show our sincere appreciation to our colleagues and
friends who in one way or the other contributed to our academic pursuit and
also for their immense support and contribution to the completion of this
project.
ABSTRACT
The
researcher chose to research on this topic “Computer Based Census Management
System” because of its relevance to the society. Meanwhile, the manual method
so far has its attendant problem of being tedious. The researcher, in order to
solve this time consuming, monotonous, and repetitive manual census activities
went into a thorough study of the existing system. In the report proper, the
Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) was adopted and
explained. The high level model of the proposed system was also designed and
displayed in a format easily understandable to the user. The high level model
of the proposed system was designed architecturally and detailed designed
through its separate components. There were four modules in all, each taking
care of specific function like: the staff management module that maintains
records about the staff; the department management module manages information
about departments in the commission; the register person, the register states,
and the register LGA modules that do the actual registration of individuals.
Finally, the parallel change over methodology was adopted to enable the
commission compare the results of the two systems (old and new) before
implementation.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE
Approval
Page I
Certification
Page II
Dedication
III
Acknowledgement
IV
Abstract
V
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study 1
1.2
Statement of Problem 2
1.3
Objective of Study 3
1.4
Significant of Study 4
1.5
Scope of Study 5
1.6
Limitation of Study 6
1.7
Definition of Terms 7
CHAPTER
TWO
REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
2.1
History of Census in Nigeria
2.2
process Involve in Census Operation 9
2.3
Census Population Information 10
2.3.1
Population 11
2.3.2
Population Growth and Decline 12
2.4
Population Density 13
2.5
Human Population Growth and Limitation 14
2.6
Population and Peoples Culture 15
2.7
Database Management System 16
2.8
Importance of Census 17
2.9
Benefit of Computer Based Management System 18
CHAPTER
THREE
INTRODUCTION
3.1
Feasibility Study 19
3.2
Research Methodology Adopted 20
3.3
Organization (NPC) and Environment 21
3.3.2
Functions of NPC 22
3.8
Analysis of New System 23
CHAPTER
FOUR
INTRODUCTION
4.1
Objectives of the New System 25
4.2
Main Menu 26
4.5
Database Specifications 27
4.7
Program Data Dictionary 28
4.8
System implementation 29
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.1
Summary 30
5.2
Conclusion 31
5.3
Recommendation 32
References
33
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Census
has been a reliable exercise from time, from where government rely for
decision-making, and aids for administration and planning. According to Robert
M. Groves, (2010) Director of the United States Census Bureau; “Just like we
cannot survive without roads and bridges, the country does not function well
without an updated census to distribute funds to areas that most need them and
to support community decisions and their own future.”
The
increasing complexity of modern life means a greater need to plan housing,
schools, roads, transportation, and a vast range of social and economic
requirement for nation. This cannot be done without a detailed count of the
population. Census is being officially managed by some organizations or
government, for example the National Population Commission (NPC).
The
installation of computer in these organizations or bodies that manages census
information will assist not only in fast-recording information but also in
solving certain problems, which cannot be easily resolved manually. The human
resource of any enterprises are considered to be their most valuable assets, if
they are properly harnessed and are well motivated to perform their assigned
tasks in such a manner as to enhance the enterprises goals and objectives.
Therefore,
adequate population records will provide all the necessary information that is
associated with people, which include the size of the population, age
structure, educational attainment, labour force and socio-economic characteristics,
unlike in the manual method which makes access to data and information very
tedious. The integration of different databases so that these databases can be
merged and processed together and mainly other reasons, prompted the researcher
to develop software for this organization, National Population Commission
(NPC).
Background of the study
Census
taking in Nigeria can be traced to have started from as far back as 1966 after
the colonization of Lagos by our colonial masters. Since then, there have been
several attempts to count Nigeria population. However, these censuses are
characterized by some difficulties and deliberate and ill-minded attempts to
inflate population figures; just in favour of one geopolitical zone or the
other. This does not and cannot represent the nation’s image as regards to
human population. As a result of this, the National Population Commission (NPC)
was established using the Decree No. 23 of 1989. The brain behind this was to
have successful censuses each time and as well accurate demographic data. It is
no doubt that this Commission (NPC) was vested with a lot of powers and
functions some of which are; .
To
undertake the periodic enumeration of the nation’s population through census,
sample surveys, etc.
To
establish and maintain the machinery for continuous and universal registration
of births and deaths
To
collect, collate and publish data on migration statistics
To
reach and monitor national population polity and set up national population
information data bank.
Unfortunately,
Nigeria still relies on foreign statistics population information data bank for
most of their population estimation.
Statement of the
problem
There
are many problems affecting the National Population Commission from maintaining
a steady reliable figures and estimates. These are the more reasons, why the
researcher embarked on this research;
Inadequate
manpower
Lack
of equipments
Poor
organization
Unstable
polity
Manual
bulk carrying of data
Objectives of the Study
The
objectives of this study are summarized as follows:
Ø To
develop computerized software that automatically stores and retrieves all
information on human population.
Ø To
develop a reliable system that could be used in collecting data/information on
human population.
Ø To
develop a system that will support direct access to the specific and required
information
Significant of the
Project
Ø The
system will solve problem associated with the acquisition, storage, and
retrieval of information on human population with ease.
Ø A
timely retrieval of information is anticipated with efficiency and reliability.
Ø It
will provide security to data that are unauthorized, users will not gain access
to those files and fraud will be minimized in the society which will lead to
improvement in administration processes.
Scope of the Project
The
major aim of the project is to design a system that will have all information
about human population and retrieving of data when ever needed in the society.
It focuses on the registration, retrieval and management of information about
individuals in the society.
Limitation of Study
During
the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of
which are;
Lack
of finance
Refusal
of the National Population Commission Awka, to give detailed answers and in
some cases no answer at all to some questions
This
project is limited to all the data associated with census population figure
gotten from the National Population Commission.
Due
to time factor, not all the commissions were reached for source of data and information.
Definition of terms
DEMOGRAPHY:
Demography is the scientific study of the changing number of births, deaths,
diseases, etc in a community over a period of time.
POPULATION:
Population is the total number of people living in a particular area, city or
country.
CENSUS:
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information
about the members of a given population.
ENUMERATION:
Enumeration is the head to head count of all individuals in a given society
within a period of time.
MIGRATION:
Migration is the act of moving from one region or country to another. It is the
movement of a group of people, births, or other animals that move in group from
one region to another.
ESTIMATION:
Estimation is the act of making an approximate calculation of something.
PROJECTION:
Projection is an estimate of the rate or amount something.
CHAPTER
TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Introduction
According
to Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary of the contemporary English, census may
be defined as the process of officially counting something, especially a country’s
population and recording various facts. Population is the major concern in the
census conduct. More so, the Government of these days seems to realize that
they cannot function well without the knowledge, at least to some degree of
accuracy, of the nation’s population figure. Knowing the population figure
means more than what the statement conveys. For instance, J.G. Ottong (1983)
spoke of population thus;
“In
the contemporary society, population has become an important issue of concern.
This is because population, in terms of its size and composition, has
far-reaching implications for change, development and the quality of life in
society”.
The
primary objective of the census results is to assist the country in knowing as
accurately and reliably as is possible within the constraints the population
size, its composition and distribution. The population figures and characteristic
arising out of census help the country to meet its developmental,
administrative and political needs and provide inputs while planning for
improving the quality of life of our countrymen.
According
to the National Bereau of Statistics, NBS, (2009) over the years, increasing interest
is being focused on the better measurement of social goals and in assessing the
impact of economic growth and distribution of resources across the three tiers
of government: the economic and social growth of a nation may be determined by
its demographic variables such as the structure of the population.
The
population of a nation alongside with its demographic variables is very crucial
in the nation’s improvement and development. Developing countries like Nigeria
can boast of their good administration without periodic censuses taking every
ten years.
These
censuses must be free of fraudulent practices so as to have accurate figures
that represent the nation’s image in all aspect.
History of census in
Nigeria
Although
numerous estimates of the Nigerian population were made during the colonial
period, the first attempt at a nationwide census was during 1952-53. This
attempt yielded a total population figure of 31.6 million within the current
boundaries of the country.
This
census has usually been considered an undercount for a number of reasons:
apprehension that the census was related to tax collection; political tension
at the time in eastern Nigeria; logistical difficulties in reaching many remote
areas; and inadequate training of enumerators in some areas. The extent of
undercounting has been estimated at 10 percent or less, although accuracy
probably varied among the regions. Despite its difficulties, the 1952-53
censuses have generally been seen as less problematic than any of its
successors.
Subsequent
attempts to conduct a reliable post independence census have been mired in
controversy, and only one was officially accepted. The first attempt, in
mid-1962, was canceled after much controversy and allegations of over-counting
in many areas. A second attempt in 1963, which was officially accepted, also
was encumbered with charges of inaccuracy and manipulation for regional and
local political purposes.
Indeed,
the official 1963 figure of 55.6 million as total national population is
inconsistent with the census of a decade earlier because it implies a virtually
impossible annual growth rate of 5.8 percent. In addition to likely inflation
of the aggregate figure, significant intraregional anomalies emerge from a
close comparison of the 1953 and 1963 figures. In portions of the southeast,
for example, the two sets of data imply that some nonurban local government
areas (LGAs) had increased at a rate of almost 13 percent per year, while other
neighboring areas experienced a minute growth rate of 0.5 percent per year.
Despite the controversy, the results of the 1963 census were eventually
accepted.
After
the civil war of 1967-70, an attempt was made to hold a census in 1973, but the
results were canceled in the face of repeated controversy. No subsequent
nationwide census had been held as of 1990, although there have been various
attempts to derive population estimates at a state or local level. Most
official national population estimates are based on projections from the 1963
census.
The
great improvements in transport and accessibility of most areas, in
technological capability, and in the level of education throughout the country,
as well as the generalized acceptance of national coherence and legitimacy,
favored the success of the fall 1991 census. It was to be conducted in about
250,000 enumeration areas by the National Population Commission, with offices
in each of the country's LGAs.
To
reduce possible controversy, religious and ethnic identification would be
excluded from the census forms, and verification of state results would be
handled by supervisors from outside the state. Some analysts believe that the
effort to carry out a reliable census with perceived legitimacy might become an
unexpectedly positive exercise, reinforcing a sense of shared nationhood and
providing a model for the attempt to overcome regional and ethnic differences.
Provisional results of the 2006 census in Nigeria show that Kano in the north
is Nigeria's most populous state (9.4 million), followed by Lagos (9.0 million)
in the south. Northern states account for 75 million people, while the southern
states are home to 65 million. The total population was 140 million.
Processes involved in
census operation
Census
operation involves a method of collecting data whereby all the data from each and
every member of the population is collected.
For
example, when you collect the ages of all the students in a given class, you
are using the census data collection method since you are including all the
members of the population (which is the class in this case).
This
method of data collection is very expensive (tedious, time consuming) if the
number of elements (population size) is very large. To understand the scope of
how expensive it is, think of trying to count all the ten year old boys in the
country. That would take a lot of time and resources, which you may not have.
However the entire nation is organized into some smaller groups and a lot of
processes are taken to ensure that every individual is involved.
While
the term Census is generally taken to mean counting the country’s population
and the recording of certain characteristics at a particular point in time,
several distinct operations have to be completed before a picture of the
population can be presented.
In
the first place, plans must be drawn up outlining what information is to be
collected, how it is to be recorded and how the findings are to be presented.
After these have been settled, the next step is to organize the collection of
the data in the field under careful supervision.
The
country is divided into small areas called Enumeration Districts (EDs) and an interviewer
is assigned to each. The interviewer is thoroughly trained to ensure that
he/she fully understands what questions are to be asked and how to record the
answers quickly and correctly on the questionnaires provided. About three weeks
before Census day, preliminary enumeration begins. During that period, the
interviewer will visit all buildings in his /her ED and record information on
the Visitation Record. The actual enumeration begins on Census Day when all
enumerators will visit every dwelling unit in all buildings and record the
information given on the questionnaires. Therefore, if the quality of
enumeration is good, the final tables which will be published will also be of
good quality and usable for policy formation.
A
field supervisor is placed in charge of a number of interviewers to monitor
their work and to attend to any problems which may arise while the field work
is being done.
He/she
also acts as a link between interviewers and the Census Office.
At
the Census Office, the completed questionnaires are checked, coded where
necessary, and made ready for processing by computers which are programmed to
provide statistical tables for publication. The information on the
questionnaires is that of the population, therefore this project will not be
complete if, to some extent, population and population information are not
explained.
Census (population)
information
A
census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information
about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and
official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in
connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses
include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. In the latter cases the
elements of the 'population' are farms, businesses, and so forth, rather than
people. In this research, however, we are dealing with the census whose
elements of population is the people. Therefore it is necessary to explain
population and formulars in population dynamics.
Population
Population
can be defined as the total of people who live in an area, a city, a country,
etc; a particular group or type of people or animals living in an area; and or
the total number of people living somewhere. Often, there is a sharp increase
or decrease of the population of a people, which can be as a result of
fertility or war outbreak, epidemics, disaster, etc., respectively.
Population Growth and
Decline
Nevertheless,
the difference between the number of births and deaths occurring in a giving
period of time is the natural population growth. This natural increase excludes
changes in a population size due to migration values currently affecting some
developing countries are reported in the last two columns of table1 (Below).
The
table shows that for most of the selected countries, the crude birth rate is
stationary or decreasing. The pattern suggests that natural population growth
in the regions have probably been related more to a decrease of mortality (in
the early days of life) than to an increase in natality and fertility. In the
1990s, this trend has reversed in some countries due to HIV/AIDS, e.g. in
Uganda where the average life expectancy from birth has now dropped into the
mid-40s (PRB, 1996). A negative rate of population growth (natural decline in
population size in population sometimes called a negative increase.), occurs
when the number of deaths exceeds that of births.
This
category of natural population decline is separate from changes in population
numbers due to migration or displacement. As human population in developing
world generally tends towards increasing size, negative rate of population
growth are often the result of the natural or man-made disasters. For example,
Wolf (1982) spoke of the decrease of a particular group of people’s population
after a conquest thus; “A primary cause of the deaths and population decline
was spread of Old World pathogenic organisms to which the new world populations
had not yet developed some immunological defenses”.
There
were as many as 14 major epidemics in Mesoamerican Coast, malaria (probably
introduced by mosquitoes) traveling on the ships of Spanish merchants and
soldiers from Italy, caused regional havoc and then spread through the tropical
lowlands”.
Whatever
the baseline figure, the combined effects of new diseases and colonized
catastrophically decimated the population. Also some population declines have
been linked with severe environmental degradation, genocide (the international
destruction industrial and affluent communities in some developed countries
(areas of northern and central Italy), the balance between births and deaths
was negative, i.e. approximately minus 78,000. This trend seemed to be related
to both economic and behavioral factors, as well as to the wide availability of
family planning services.
According
to Solinas (1992), the desired pattern of consumption and the cost of living require
a level of income, which can only be if both the husband and wife have
full-time jobs. In fact the socio-economic living and child rearing has greatly
increase in the few decades. As a consequence, fertility is no longer a way to
gain social status, and parenthood is no longer as a basic condition of adult
life as most couples feel comfortable with just one child; while others
completely ignore the biological and physiological drive towards reproduction and
renounce parenthood.
Table1: POPULATION
GROWTH
Country
|
Under-5
Mortality rate
|
Crude
Death rate
|
Crude
Birth rate
|
Annual
Growth rate
|
||||
Year
|
1990
|
1994
|
1960
|
1994
|
1960
|
1994
|
1994
|
1960
|
Very High U5MR Countries (over 140)
|
||||||||
Niger
Somalia
Liberia
Tanzania
Nigeria
Gabon
Uganda
Pakistan
|
320
294
288
249
204
287
218
221
|
320
211
217
157
191
151
185
137
|
29
28
25
23
24
24
21
23
|
19
19
14
14
16
16
19
9
|
54
50
50
51
52
31
50
49
|
53
50
47
43
45
37
52
41
|
2.5
2.2
2.5
2.8
2.8
0.7
2.9
2.7
|
3.4
3.1
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.1
3.3
3.4
|
High U5MR Countries (over 140)
|
||||||||
Kenya
Nicaragua
Iraq
Zimbabwe
|
202
209
171
181
|
90
68
71
81
|
22
19
20
20
|
12
7
7
12
|
53
51
49
53
|
45
41
38
39
|
3.1
3.2
2.9
3.3
|
3.3
3.4
3.1
2.7
|
Calculated on the
basis of crude birth and death rate. Source: UNICEF, 1996.
Population Density
The
concentration or dispersal of people in an area, which determines the
relationship between a population and territorial growth, is commonly referred
to as “Population Density”. It is measured as the number of residents per unit
area of land surface. The population density (people per sq. km) in Nigeria was
reported at165.4, according to a World Bank report released in 2011 and there
is an increase in density in the just last calculated Nigerian density as can
be seen in table 2 below.
Table
2 POPULATIONS AND POPULATION DENSITY
|
Previous
|
Last
|
Population density (people per sq. km
) in Nigeria
|
161.4
|
165.4
|
Population in largest city in Nigeria
|
9466458.0
|
9831147.0
|
Population in the largest city (%of
urban population)
|
13.5
|
13.5
|
Population in urban agglomerations of
more than (%of total population) in Nigeria
|
14.6
|
14.7
|
Rural population growth (annual%) in
Nigeria
|
21413926.0
|
22186169.0
|
Rural population (% of total
population) in Nigeria
|
1.1
|
1.1
|
Rural population in Nigeria
|
52.4
|
51.6
|
Urban population growth (annual %) in
Nigeria
|
76943793.4
|
77803783.0
|
Urban population (% of total) in
Nigeria
|
4.0
|
4.0
|
Rural population in Nigeria
|
47.6
|
48.4
|
Urban population in Nigeria
|
70007683.6
|
72861947.0
|
World bank indicators-Nigeria-density
& urbanization
Sex ratio
This
is an indicator of the sex distribution of the population. It is defined as the
number of men per 100 women. If it is 100, it means that there are more women
than men in the population; if it is over100, it means that there are more men
than women. While when it drops below 90, it is often an indicator of very high
male out-migration. A sex ratio value between 90 and 100 is considered
demographically normal or typical of an undistributed population.
However,
values lower than 90 or higher than 110 suggest that some factors (such as
gender-specific labour migration or war and the death of young males) are
affecting the distribution of the population under consideration.
The
following represent the sex ratios of Nigeria population as at 2011;
Table 3 POPULATION SEX
RATIOS
AT BIRTH
|
1.06male(s)female
|
UNDER15 YEARS
|
1.05male(s)/female
|
15-64 YEARS
|
1.04male9s)/female
|
65 YEARS AND ABOVE
|
0.94male(s)/female
|
TOTAL POPULATION
|
1.04male(s)/female
|
Nigeria Demographics
Profile 2012
According
to the table above, the total sex ratio (both people at birth, less than 15
years, 15-64 years, and people under 65 years and above) is rated as1.04
male(s) per female.
By
percentage ratio, it is 104, and then Nigerian population can be seen to be demographically
normal.
Human Population Growth
Limitation
Although
world human population considered in aggregate is growing exponentially, not
all human populations are growing at the same rate.
Per
capita growth rates (r) and exponential doubling times vary widely among
different countries and regions. Current population size alone is not a good
predictor of doubling time, nor is population density. The data given below are
from 1993, population sizes are in millions, fertility rate is the average number
of children per woman.
Replacement
fertility is 2.10.
Table
4: POPULATION, FERTILITY RATE, AND DOUBLE TIME OF SOME
COUNTRIES
(data source: Worldwatch Database. Worldwatch
Institute, 1996)
Countries
that presently have relatively low fertility rates (<= 2.00) and relatively
small annual rates of growth (<= 1%) did not previously exhibit such slow
growth characteristics. The process of change from rapid population growth to
slow population growth, in human populations, is called demographic transition.
Demographic
transition is the process of change from populations with both high birth and
death rates (that are at or near equilibrium) to a situation in which both
birth and death rates are low (and at or near equilibrium).
Historically,
the process of demographic transition involves an initial drop in death rates
followed by a later drop in birth rates. The disparity between birth and death
rates during transition results in a period of very rapid population growth.
All presently industrialized countries (economically developed or more
developed countries) have gone through demographic transition, and all other
countries (less developed, area marked by the boxes on the graph) are presently
in the transition (rapid growth) phase of demographic transition (after
Keyfitz, 1990, p 67, Fig. 6.5).
Causes
for decreases in death rate:
*
nutrition
improvement
*
public
health sanitation (water and sewage) improvements
*
medical
advances
Causes for decreases in birth rate:
*
socioeconomic
change, economic development, industrialization
*
government
commitment to family planning (contraception) increases
infant
mortality decreases
*
social
status of women increases
*
education
opportunities for women increase
Humans
exhibit Type I survivorship, this means that most mortality occurs late in
life, after reproduction. Mortality that follows reproduction may have
relatively little effect on absolute population growth rates, so even high
death rates (or poor life expectancy) compared to industrialized countries have
little effect on population growth if birth rates are also high.
High
birth rate (rapid population growth, less developed) countries typically have a
broader based age structure pyramid than do low birth rate (slow population
growth, industrialized) countries (Ricklefs, 1996, p 332, Fig. 15.5).
The
skew toward younger (pre-reproductive) age classes in the age structure of less
developed countries makes absolute population growth continue even as
individual fecundity is decreasing. Similarly, large population size makes it
possible for absolute population growth to occur even if the per capita rate of
growth is near zero.
Although,
all human populations are changing toward equilibrium, the absolute population
growth that will occur could exceed the carrying capacity of earth for humans.
Population and People’s
Culture
In
some Third World/Developing countries, high numbers of offspring are
encouraged.
In
fact, ethnic and peasant groups worldwide set a high value on fertility. For
example, among the Akan of Ghana, a woman who gives birth to ten children is
rewarded with “the tenth-child sheep”, so that she would not stop at the
seventh, eighth, or ninth child.
Throughout
history, the high fertility of human beings has been balanced by both natural
and cultural control. Natural controls include biological determinants of
natural fertility, such as women’s monthly menstrual cycles, their nutritional
status, and infectious or degenerative diseases. Meanwhile, cultures which
broadly include clusters of shared values and behavior, controls fertility
through practices related to conception, as well as to the care of fertile and
pregnant women, infants and children.
Cultural
controls affect population dynamics in two ways:
a) By
determining and shaping behaviours that result in the reduction of women’s natural
potential for fertility, e.g. late age of age of marriage and birth, prolonged
breast feeding, prolonged separation of parents after a birth, use of family
planning methods, etc.
b) By
defining the sets of values, beliefs and specific attitudes that influence the
context of reproduction and parenting, e.g. perceptions of the best age to
start parenting stigmatizing new pregnancies that occur when the previous child
is still breastfeeding, giving special names to persons who bear twins or
triplets, etc.
According
to Short (1984), researches have shown that under favourable conditions,
prolonged breastfeeding can result in birth-spacing intervals of three or more
years, with reliability comparable to modern medical and chemical
contraceptives. The way in which women are physically treated can raise and
lower the age of the first menstruation, lengthen or reduce the period of
adolescent sterility, increase or decrease the frequency of amenorrhea, and
hasten or retard the upper limit of the fertility age (Harris and Ross, 1987).
Also,
variation in nutritional intake, physical workload and harsh living conditions
may decrease fertility an increase the risk of natural abortion, maternal
mortality and infant mortality (Bongaarts, 1982; Hamilton et al, 1984).
Overemphasis
on modern methods can also lead to discounting traditional values in the community
(Mamdami, 1972). A good method of assessing the effects of any international
change in population control-related behaviours in a community is to measure
birth intervals- i.e average period of time between consecutive births amongst
those women who are having children in the community. This can be a very
sensitive measure at local levels, able to show changes rapidly and
inexpensively.
Intrauterine
death and spontaneous abortion are high among human females, i.e. up to 25
percent of pregnancies during the first month (MacCormack, 1982). Although
pattern is partly due to natural anatomical physiological factors, such a high
abortion rate cannot be explained without taking into account the effects of
harmful cultural practices. Among such behaviours are not reducing the workload
of women pregnancy or not providing them with a high quality diet.
Additionally, international abortions (by mechanical or chemical means) are
practiced in many cultures as a child-spacing device (Devereux, 1976). The
impact of these practices may reach far beyond the direct effects on the new
life- unsafe abortion’s fertility.
More
or less deliberate infanticide has also been widely reported in historical and
anthropological literature. In addition to direct killing, at least five other
forms of infanticides behavior occur in several cultures: placing an infant
dangerous situation; abandonment with little chance of survival; negligence
resulting in accidents; excessive physical punishment; and lowered biological
support (Scrimshaw, 1983). And, not only infants, but also children are victims
of direct or indirect of homicide (Dickemann, 1984).
Database management
system (DBMS)
Since
the census management system is all about the integration of different database
so that different database can be merged and processed together; then it is
necessary to explain briefly the database management system. Before we say what
DBMS is, the researcher will have to define database.
A
database as defined by Ashtontate, (1988), is an organized set of related data
designed to meet the information needs of an organization to avoid duplication
of data and permit retrieval of information. The term database management
system (DBMS), Fred, R. MedFadden, (1988) is defined as the systematic
organization and management of a large collection of information in a large
computer. A DBMS is software that creates, manages, protects and provides
complex software packages that are written in programming languages like java,
visual basic, COBOL, FORTRAN, dBase. A DBMS can give user relatively power
commands without having to be introduced by a programmer or some technically
proficient computer intermediary. The DBMS provides users, with a set of
language commands, for the explicit purpose of accessing information from the
database.
Importance of census
To
meet its goal of being the leading source of data about our nation and its
people, the Census including the population and housing census every 10 years
and the economic census every five years; the need is as follows;
a) Representation
Once
the population dynamics are known for regions and states, this information is
used to adjust government representation of the citizens. It is used to
determine the number of seats in the House of Representatives, and draw
legislative district and school district boundaries.
b) Community Programs
The
census takes an accounting of the economics, homeless population, the elderly
population, school-age population and the growth of a region. This allows the
federal government to distribute billions of dollars in funds for community
programs, such as job training, or homeless programs that are needed in each
region.
c) Genealogy
Information
With
each census a record has been kept of every respondent's name, age at the time and
where a person was born. This has created a wealth of information that can be
used by anyone researching their family's ancestry as far back as the 1900s.
d) Historical
Documentation
The
census' collection of information records the changes the Federal Republic of
Nigeria has gone through since 1900s. The information on the economy, movement
of population and industry changes, illustrate "the changing values and
interests of the Nigeria people" and is a significant source of historical
information.
Benefits of
computer-based census management system
Trends
across the world show a growing demand for computer-based information systems
for business-oriented organizations (Nyandiere, 2007). In addition, industry,
non-profit organization, government agencies and organizations whether
business-oriented or not cannot boast of anything standard without one form of
information system or the other. Otherwise they will be many years backward and
cannot meet up with challenges of the modern development and settings.
There
is no doubt that the increasing demand for information systems is as a result
of the benefits of those systems. Computer-based census management system as
one out of the so many information systems and as a sub-class of information
systems must inherit some of those attributes benefits. However, the benefits
of the system will be explained with respect to the organization and Nigeria at
large.
The
benefits of a computer based census management systems are clear to see, and
there are many advantages. The most obvious of these are the time taken to
access files, confidentiality, and the space needed to store information.
Time taken to access
files
A
computer based census system is far superior to a manual system when it comes
to accessing files, as the speed at which this can be done is far quicker. If
an individual's records are needed, these can be accessed in a matter of
seconds, simply by searching for the relevant person on screen. All the
information needed can be stored on a single file, as opposed to having reams
of paper and various files for each individual and/or staff that would require
sifting through to access in a manual census management system.
Confidentiality
Files
kept on a computer based census management system can be password protected, so
that only the authorized people can view the files. In a manual census
management system, the only way to keep files confidential would be in a locked
cabinet. The speed at which these files can be accessed is far quicker even
when using a password protection system on a computer.
Space needed
All
files can be kept on computer, taking up far less space, than having to house
filing cabinets, shelves and drawers to keep track of paperwork. A computer
census system for example would house all staff information, population information,
department information, and report details in small files on the computer,
whereas in a manual system the information would be needed to be kept in
separate files in a certain order, for them to be easily accessible.
Data Centrality
These
systems provide fast, centralized access to databases of personnel and
population information. Access to data when those computers are networked is
central, providing a "one-stop" location to find and access pertinent
computer data. As it is the case, the system makes use of central database to
manage population demographic information, store product information and keep
track of individual’s records.
Information Coverage
Census
systems provide organizations with the advantages of having large amounts of
data, all accessible via a central source. Information coverage is a huge
advantage for any organization (Nigerian National Population Commission
included), because having vast amounts of useful data from every different
department streamlines access and increases productivity.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGIES AND
ANALYSIS OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM
Introduction
When
analyzing an existing system, note is taken on how the existing system works or
the procedures on how jobs and activities are been carried out in the
organization.
During
system analysis, investigation of an existing system in order to understand its
operation is carried out for better understanding of the existing system and
the introduction of more efficient and economic means of achieving the desired
goals is also made.
System
analysis is conducted with the following objectives in mind: to identify the client.s
need; to evaluate the system concept for feasibility; to evaluate cost
constraints; to proposed allocate functions to hardware and software, and
create a system definition that forms the foundation for all subsequent
engineering work (Pressman, 1997).
The
analysis of the present system was carried out to identify the existing
problems affecting the system; this would enable the analyst to validate or
invalidate the present system if many weaknesses were found. The analyst would
go ahead in designing the system that would replace the existing system that
must have been proved unsatisfactory.
Before
any meaningful progress could be made in system design, a few numbers of
procedures have to be followed in other to guarantee a successful new system.
The procedures include the following;
3.1.1
Feasibility study
In
order to determine whether or not a given project is feasible, i.e., to
determine whether the change can be carried out within reasonable time and the
properties to be identified and development of high level model of the proposed
system, there must be some form of investigation into the goals and implications
of the project. Three areas are considered during this analysis, they include;
(a) Economic
feasibility
This
involves the study to determine if the cost of developing a system will be
lower than the overall benefits that will be enjoyed after doing so or will be
higher in cost based on the benefit attached to the system to be designed.
(b) Technical
feasibility
This
part is concerned with the availability of equipments/hardware, software, and
the knowledge of how it will be required when developing a system, that will
respond to user.s request promptly. If the equipments, hardware required to
develop and design the system is not available and cannot be easily acquired
then, it is not technically feasible.
(c) Behavioral
feasibility
This
part is concerned with impact the system would make on the social, personal,
and working relationship within the organization. This also concerns the
working effect people would have on the system i.e., reactions of both the
computer literates and illiterates. The investigation or feasibility study is
usually carried out by a small team of systems and management personnel from different
levels and departments for an organization. In some cases, the investigation
team may be a group of consultants who do not really know much about the
organization and such investigations may be lopsided or not very reliable.
These
concerns the study of the type of information required by the user and system
in general. The user is recognized to have a scope of the users and the kind of
information needed by the user since the effectiveness of any system is
determined by the users satisfaction.
The
product of this stage is a formal feasibility study document.
Research
Methodologies Adopted
The
research methodology is the process the researcher used in performing the
analysis of the present system and the subsequent acquisition of data for the designing
of the proposed system, which would replace the existing system.
There
are certain methodologies available depending on the software development
environment, the requirements of the user, the nature of the software being
developed etc. Some of the methodologies are as follows:
Structured System
Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM)
In
structured design methodology, the whole project is structured into small,
well-defined activities. SSADM also specifies the sequence and interaction of
these activities. In coding aspect, programs are broken into functions and
subroutines and there is always a single entry point and a single exist point
into and from each function and subroutine.
Object Oriented Design
(OOD)
In
OOD, the conceptual model of the real world problem is developed. This is to
test
the
design before having to build it.
.
Prototyping
Prototyping
is the process whereby an incomplete version of the eventual program is
created. This is not the eventual implementation and may be completely
different from the actual software.
However,
the researcher in completing this research used the Structured System Analysis
and Design Methodology (SSADM) effectively. The methodology revolves around the
use of the three key techniques namely; logical data modeling, data flow
modeling, and entity/event modeling.
In
Logical Data Modeling, the data requirements of the system are identified,
modeled and documented. Data are separated into entities (things about which a
business needs to record information) and relationships (the associations
between the entities).
The
Data Flow modeling is the process of identifying and documenting how data flows
within or moves around the system. Data Flow Modeling examines processes
(activities that transform data from one form to another), data stores (the
holding areas for data), external entities (what sends data into the system or
receives data from the system), and data flows (routes by which data can flow)
within the system.
While
in the Entity Behavior Modeling business events are identified and related to
its entity with the necessary documentation of each relation at the end of
process.
SSADM
consists of five main steps, as listed below;
Feasibility
Study
Requirement
Analysis
Requirement
Specification
Logical
System Specification
Physical
Design
Furthermore,
the researcher chose this methodology (SSADM) because of certain reasons as can
be seen below.
.
High
quality systems are always the product of the SSADM.
.
The
method separates the logical aspects of the system from the physical aspect.
.
It
goes with well-defined techniques and documentation.
.
And
above all, the user involvement of the method gives more room for both the user
and the developer to have a better understanding of the proposed system.
However,
whatever with advantages also goes with disadvantages:
The
size of SSADM is a hindrance to using it in some circumstances. There is an
investment in cost and time in training people to use the techniques. The
learning curve can be considerable if the full method is used, as not only are
there several modeling techniques to come to terms with, but there are also a
lot of standards for the preparation and presentation of documents.
The
Organization (NPC) and her Environment
The
National Population Commission (NPC) was established by the Federal Government
under the Decree No. 23 to facilitate its 1991 census project.
Within
the Commission, there are hierarchical orders of offices, with separate
responsibilities, but towards actualizing a successful population census. The
hierarchies are the Chief Executive, the chairman and many Commissioners.
Each
of the commissioners is responsible for a zone as well as a department in commission’s
headquarters. There is also a director in charge of the general administration
of the commission and a secretary to the commissioner. In addition, there is a
deputy director for each of the departments. Assistant directors head the
offices including the Capital Territory, while the controller heads the Local
Government offices. The supervisors come next in the hierarchical structure of
the organization and do the field operations.
Before
the commissioners are the Chief Analysts and Statisticians who work under the
National Level. The analysis department relates population with National
occurrences and events like prevalent economic issues, epidemics outbreak,
population growth and decline through the data collected from the Statistics
department, which keeps record of data received from the commissioners.
3.3.1
Vision, Mission and the Clients of the Commission (NPC)
As
a standard organization, and depending on their services, the Commission has
the
following
as their vision, mission, clients and even nature of services.
(a)
Vision
To
harness the nation’s population into a veritable tool for a greater Nigeria
where population profile will be consistent with the imperatives of sustainable
development.
(b)
Mission
To
build conducive atmosphere for effective management of Nigeria’s population for
sustainable development through:
i
Provision of demographic data for planning, implementation and evaluation of
development
programmes;
Continuous
and universal registration of births, deaths, and migration and
Coordination
of population intervention activities and programmes in Nigeria.
(c)
Clients
They
are essentially the various stakeholders in population activities in Nigeria.
They
include the various Federal Government Ministries, Extra Ministerial
Development and Agencies e.g. Federal ministry of health, Ministry of Women
Affairs, Ministry of Internal and External Affairs, National Planning
Commission, Students Researchers / Planners, political parties, International
Organizations and Agencies such as Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs),
Community based organization (CBOS), Federal ministry of Education and Foreign
Embassies.
(d) Nature of Services
The
nature of services provided by national population commission is determined by
the roles which it plays and the duties it is expected to perform in the
national interest. These functions are being discharged through the Departments
and Units as explained below.
3.3.2
Functions of the National Population Commission’s (NPC’s) Departments
National
Population Commission as an organization is charged with a lot of activities.
These
functions need be organized in different ways to be handled by different units
to make things easier and clearer.
Hitherto,
the commission is made up of different departments as given below.
(a)
Administration and Suppliers
(b)
Finance and Accounts
(c)
Planning, Research and Statistic
(d)
Cartography
(e)
Information Technology
(f)
Vital Registration
(g)
Census and Surveys
(h)
Public Affairs
Below
are the functions of each department.
Administration
and Suppliers department
This
department is responsible for Training Development and service welfare; in
charge of supplies; responsible for personnel budgeting; in charge of office
and residential accommodation; in charge of staff record keeping. In addition,
they are also responsible for payment of death benefits retirement and burial
entitlement; upgrading/conversion and advancement of staff; in charge of
transport and logistics and responsible for appointment, promotion and
discipline.
3.3.4 Finance and
Accounts Department
This
department ensures that proper Budgetary and accounting systems are established
in the national population commission to enhance internal control,
accountability and transparency. They also ensure that the essential management
control tools are put in place to minimize waste and mismanagement; that all
government revenue are collected and paid in to treasury; Ensuring among others
the safety and proper maintenance of all Government assets under the Departments
care.
Planning, Research and
Statistic Department
The
Planning and Research Department is one of the core department recognized by
the Federal Civil Service rule of 2007, and in effect, one of the core
departments in National Population Commission. The department renders the
following services:
The
Planning and Research department has the mandate to plan, design researches and
conduct survey, prepare the budget plan, monitor and evaluate Commission
projects and activities, coordinate bilateral and multilateral co-operation’s
with various stakeholders, carry out Due Process exercise, print and produce
survey reports and ensure the dissemination of materials and data from surveys.
These are the mandate the department strives hard to carry out for the Commission.
The
department is made up of 3 divisions namely;
(1)
Planning division
(2)
Research division
(3)
Coordination division
The
clients include the Commission staff, the general public, universities,
government agencies, and non- governmental organizations.
Cartography Department
The
Cartography Department is one of the core departments of the National
Population Commission that is charged with acquisition, production and
preservation of various categories of maps that serve as bases for the conduct
of National Head Count (i.e. Population Census), and other related
socio-economic and demographic surveys, e.g. National Demographic and Health
Surveys (NDHS), Sentinel Surveys, National Demographic and Education Surveys,
(NDES), National Migration Surveys etc.
The
cartography Department in accordance with its statutory function co-ordinates
various categories of personnel to demarcate the country into Enumeration Areas
(EAs) i.e. compact geographical units with identifiable boundaries made up of
physical and/or man-made features and with a population threshold an enumerator
can cover within the specified period of census.
The
Department is structured into 4 divisions, namely:
(i)
Field Operations and Quality Control Division
(ii)
Automated Mapping and GIS Division
(iii)
Map Research and Archives Division and
(iv)
Map Reproduction Division
Clients
to the Department are the Public, Private Organizations, Governmental and Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs).
Information Technology
Department
The
Information Technology department performs the following duties;
Manage
in collaboration with other department ICT policy of the commission.
Strengthen
technical capability of National population Commission in ICT data processing,
database development, and networking.
Produce
accurate and reliable census Data and statistical table.
Generate
relevant integrated databases.
Networked
computing facilities in national population commission established internet
connectivity and maintain website.
.
Process
vital registration data.
.
Maintain
all the IT Equipment of the national population commission.
.
Advice
management on issues related to ICT as accepted by world ICT body.
Vital Registration
Department
The
Vital Registration Department is one of the core Department of the National
Population Commission mandated to undertake the continuous and compulsory
Registration of Births, deaths, etc. throughout the country, through an Ac t
titled “Births, deaths, etc. (Compulsory) Registration “no 69 of 1992” dated
14th December, 1992. This act empowers the Commission to register such vital
events nationwide.
The
Act clearly spelt out the registration hierarchy, responsibilities, and
establishment of centers, procedure for Registration, time limit for
registration/documentation of vital events such as, Births, Deaths Stillbirths,
Marriage, Divorces, and the penalties for various offences among other issues.
In
the same vein, the department also collates analyses and publishes data on the
movement of foreigners in and out of Nigeria (international migration). The
Arrival and Departure cards completed by all immigrants and emigrants at all
legal entry/departure points (Air, land and sea borders) constitute the source
of raw data for publication.
The
department is structured into three divisions, namely:
(i)
The Vital Registration Division
(ii)
The Vital Statistics/Publication Division
(iii)
The Migration Division
Clients
to the Department are the public, private organization, Government officials
and NGO.s
Census and Surveys
Department
The
Departments objective is built around the decennial National Population and
Housing Censuses and other socio-demographic surveys while key activities
include census and survey questionnaire design, data collection, analysis and
dissemination.
The
Census Department basic function is to ensure strategic planning and execution
of National Population and Housing Censuses, and institutional surveys in
collaboration with other department, or Unit established for the purpose. In
this regard the department implements the Commission's constitutional mandate
of undertaking the National Population economic and social censuses and surveys.
The
census department is made up of 4 divisions as follows
.
Census
division
.
Survey
division
.
Evaluation
and analysis division
.
Dissemination
and publication division
3.3.4
Public Affairs Department
The
Public Affairs Department is one of the service departments of the National
Population Commission charged with the responsibility of enlightening the
general public on and mobilizing support and resources for the activities of
the Commission.
Hitherto,
it was a mere Information Unit, in the Office of the Chairman of the Population
Bureau. The department was transformed into a full-fledged department in 1989
as part of the recommendations of the public enlightenment advisory committee
for the 1991 census. The creation of the department was also due to the
commitment to mobilize the grassroots for the 1991 census. In line with its
mandate the Public Affairs Department formulated an advocacy and publicity
programme for the 1991 census.
The
erstwhile Chairman, Alhaji Shehu Musa embarked on advocacy tour to key
traditional rulers, Governors and local government Chairmen across the country.
Publicity
committees were set up at the National, State and Local Government levels.
Radio
and Television jingles were heard and seen respectively across the country.
Census
messages were placed in major National Newspapers as well as billboards across
the country.
The
public enlightenment exercise for the 2006 census was even of a higher
dimension.
An
information center was set up at the headquarters with hot lines for the public
to
have
access to census information.
The
department is structured into two divisions namely:
(i)
Public Relations, Protocol, Advocacy, Community and Field Mobilization.
(ii)
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and Publicity Division.
Organizational
structure
Fig. 3.1 The
Commission’s Organogram
Present Procedure
The
analysis of a given system could be defined as examining the given system’s
part and relationships. The present procedure can easily be seen in the organization’s
structure or hierarchical order. Consequently, the researcher had the
opportunity to look into the activities of the commission and observed that
though many people claim that they use computer in their offices, still a lot
of manual work are being done in the commission as files are kept physically.
Below are the procedures or the functions and activities of the Commission;
The Enumerator
The
Enumerator has to go from house-to-house interviewing respondents based on the questionnaire
given to them. The Enumerator also performs the following;
Check
the boundary and map of the enumeration area and ensures that the boundaries
coincide with the adjoining enumeration that no area is left in between the
enumeration areas and no adjoining enumeration areas overlap.
Acquaint
himself with all fully and partially occupied building in the area, number the
buildings and households in the buildings.
Establish
a necessary report with the households head and members, this will enable him
enumerate successfully all the households within the area. And lastly, check
that the respondents properly fill all questionnaires.
The supervisor
The
supervisor oversees the affairs of the enumerators and supply materials (if
needed) to them and visits the supervisory areas before the commencement of the
census. Also, he intimates the chiefs about the exercise and solicits their
supports during the exercise.
The
supervisor in turn reports to the controller for urgent attention as the case
may be.
The
controller
The
controller heads the state office of the National Population Commission (NPC)
and oversees the enumeration exercise in the state. He would after the exercise
report directly to the commissioner.
3.4.1 Flowchart of the
Proposed System
The
flowchart is a pictorial representation of the sequence of operations in a
process.
Therefore
the flowchart of this Commission could be defined as the diagrammatic
representation of how a process is completed in the Commission. Below is the
system flowchart of the Commission.
Proposed System flowchart
Information Flow
Information
flow represents how information produced by the Commission goes in the
Commission. The information /data collected at the local level by the
Enumerators under the supervision of the supervisors goes through the
Controllers. The Commissioners will then collect those data which must have
passed through the Director- General and send them to the Commission at the
national level. These data will in turn be released from the Commission at the
national level to the public.
The
organization produces as information the following;
Ø Epidemic
i.e. outbreak of diseases, for instance, HIV/AIDS.
Ø Rate
of population growth, mortality, migration, birth, etc.
Ø Natural
disasters caused by population density.
Below
represents the information flow chart of the Commission.
3.6.1 Information Flow
Diagram
Weaknesses Identified
in the present System
There
is an existing system in the National Population Commission just as we have one
form of existing system or the other in many organizations today. However, some
may contain entirely pen and papers. The system under study is found to have
some weaknesses as can be seen below;
Lack
of enumerators to cover as many villages as possible and as a result a supervisor
might be assigned to cover about 10 villages with 14 or fewer enumerators.
As
a result of not covering most or all the areas of in a given locality, there is
always incomplete data.
Files
got missed as a result of manual storage of data.
Large
physical space consumption since there is manual form of data storage.
Inadequate
communication link.
There
is always waste of time since it is difficult to locate a particular file from
stored files
Analysis of the New
System
System
design can be regarded as the drawing, planning, sketching or arranging of many
separate elements into viable unified whole. While the system analysis phase is
concerned with the question of what the system is doing and what it should be
doing to meet user’s requirements, the system design phase centers on how the
system is developed to meet the requirements. The new census management system
comprised of the following modules: Staff registration, department creation,
report generation and head count registration, which has the following sub
modules; register person, register states, and register LGA.
Staff
registration is the component of the proposed system that would be used to manage
records of every staff of the census department. Through this module,
information about each staff and/or recently employed staff could be recorded,
stored and retrieved when necessary.
Again,
the department creation component, will manage records concerning the census
department of the commission. Whenever new department is created, it will be
recorded and stored for retrieval at any moment. Modifications could also be
done, in case if there are alterations in the department.
Moreover,
census activities could be done through the register person, register state,
and that of the LGA.s sub modules. At the end of the day, reports are being are
being generated through the report generation module and submitted to the
central store.
3.8.1 Advantages of the
New System
The
new system when installed will benefit the commission and as such the following
are the advantages of the system;
The
commission will have records of individuals at a central store that enables
direct access to data as reports on individuals would be generated, and stored
for retrieval.
The
rate at which data could be accessed would be maximal.
Creating,
updating and modifying information details as opposed by the old manual-like
system will be facilitated.
.
Collection
of human information that used to be tedious will now be easy task.
Disadvantages of the
New System
The
commission is made up of different departments and as such is faced with
different tasks or activities. Census activities are one category out of the so
many categories of tasks of the commission. This system may not work well with
data collected by other departments other than the census department.
3.8.3
Data Flow Diagram of the New System
This
represents the flow of data within the system. In every system, there is a way
information go and this system (census management system) has also its own data
flow diagram as flows:
3.4: The Data Flow
Diagram of the Proposed System
8.4 High Level Model or
Proposed Solution
The
proposed solution to the problems of the organization is the computerization of
the organization in such a way as to include modules to take care of all the
lapses observed.
With
computerization and a subsequent online information base, zonal offices can
communicate directly to the National Level of the organization electronically
and the public will have access to the publication. The top- down High Level
Model is drawn below.
The
high level model represents the overall structure of the new system comprising
the major components or modules of the software. The following represents the
high level model of the system that is being developed;
3.8.5 HLM of the
Proposed System
Computer
based Census Management System
Fig.
3.4 The High Level Model of the Proposed System
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM AND
IMPLEMENTATION
Introduction
System
design can be regarded as the drawing, planning, sketching or arranging of many
separate elements into viable unified whole. While the system analysis phase is
concerned with the question of what the system is doing and what it should be
doing to meet user’s requirements, the system design phase centers on how the
system is developed to meet the requirements.
System
design is the task of structuring the system under study, following
specifications of the processing requirements such as input, output, and the
breaking down of these processing requirements into a program.
4.1 Objectives of the
new System
The
goals of the new system are as follows:
Establish
built-in procedure to reduce creation of greater storage spaces;
Add
new features that would respond immediately to real-time events of the
organization; Keep and retrieve an update of the records of the real-time
events, as the new system should be able to provide information about a
particular individual and/or staff at any point in time.
Main Menu
These
contain the control structure where you call other sub modules. It is done in
such a way that it is menu-driven, in the sense that it contains options of
what one can do with the program. It also serves as control center where
different activities included in the program are evoked or called up for
performance. The menu-driven system made up of the main menu and other submenu.
Each submenu has a particular functions and task it carries out. Such options
include menu bar options.
The Program Flow Chart
of the New System
Database Specification
Database
specification comprises all the data fields and records collected and analysed
to help in creating a good database management system for the new system. The
design of database involves two tasks:
i.
Assigning a unique name to the database file and
ii.
Defining the structure of the file
The
database attributes includes file names, field type, length or width.
The
database for this project was created using MYSQL. MYSQL is a relational
database management system (RDBMS) that is highly compatible with various
programming languages. It was chosen because of this compatibility and the ease
with which records in the database can be accessed and manipulated from an
application development.
Staff
Table Structure
Staff’s
Table structure
System Implementation
Introduction
It
is a good programming practice to include document on how a new system should
be managed and maintained, to enable it stand the taste of time. System implementation
is the actual introduction of the new system to change the previous system. In
a similar manner, systems documentation consists of writing the description of
what a program does and how to use it.
The
new system can be implemented in the organization by either applying a
stage-by-stage process or by running the old system and the new system
simultaneously until the system takes over the old system’s operation.
Furthermore,
staff’s in the organization must undergo a thorough training on how to operate
the new system. This is to obtain, by the organization, the maximum and
efficient use of the new system.
Language Justification
The
researcher, in the course of developing the software used Visual C-Sharp .Net.
The
motive behind the use of the language is its compatibility with several
Operating Systems. It is object oriented and combines the feature of Java and
Visual BASIC. C-sharp runs on Visual .Net platform thereby making it to run on
any Operating System.
It
is secured in that it does not cause harm to user’s system and access to
information is restricted. The language is simple to learn.
System Requirements
This
is the physical and non-physical components of the system. They are broadly
classified into hardware and software requirements.
Hardware Requirements
Hardware
requirements of the system are as follows: .
Random
Access Memory (RAM)- at least, 64MB Memory capacity
Hard
Disk-at least 2.4GB of storage space
Bus
speed – at least 233MHZ
Stabilizer
-1000watts
.
Uninterruptible
Power Supply (UPS) -1000Volt Amp
Visual
Display Unit (VDU) with enhanced image graphics card
Enhanced
Keyboard and mouse
Floppy
diskette Drive -1.44MB (or 3.5” high density disk )
4.9.2
Software Requirements
The
following are the software requirements of the system;
Microsoft
Windows Operating System – (Win9x and above)
MYSQL
Data Base
4.9.3
Software Installation
It
is apparent that any software that has not been well installed on the computer
system cannot be executed. Assuming you have an already installed system of any
version of operating system, this application program is installed from the
CD-ROM as follows:
Switch
on the system and allow it to boot
Insert
the CD-ROM into its drive
On
window start menu, CLICK the RUN option
Locate
the Program by using the “Browse” button on the RUN dialogue box
Double
click the program “Set-up” to enable the program commence installation
After
installation, lunch the program by supplying the access password to the program
to gain access.
4.9.4 Documentation
Program
documentation is an ordered set of information for the computer system to
follow and produce a result. These instructions are stored in computer memory
to solve problem. For this to be achieved there must be a procedure involving
how to stop and start the system, enter information and must be properly
documented.
The
system needs to be retrieved and maintained periodically for the following
reasons:
To
ensure that the system is able to cope with the changing requirements of the
National Population Commission.
.
To
confirm that the planned objectives of the management are been met and to take
actions as soon as possible, if otherwise.
Training of Operators
and application details
Before
the user can use the software, it is necessary to give a thorough training on
how to use the software. It is also important to note that the users of the
software are the operators. Training involves the tutorials, lectures or other
methods used to make the users to understand how to use and maintain the
software program. The following steps would help train and guide the users on
how to use the program effectively:
Follow
the instruction as in the software installation above
Compile
the program from the compile option
If
successful, RUN the program from the run option of the Integrated Development Environment
(IDE)
Enter
the security password to continue
Enter
the main menu, select any of the submenus you want and continue
After
performing necessary actions on the submenu, exit the program from the
“EXIT”
menu.
4.9.6 Changeover
Procedures
This
is the process of changing from the former or previous system to the new
system. In a changeover procedure, the organization change from the existing
system to new system. This can be done in one of the following ways:
a. Parallel changeover
This
is the process of running the two systems simultaneously and comparing their
results until the new system proves satisfactory; after which the use of the
new system would be commenced.
b. Direct changeover
This
is the case whereby the new system replaced the old system immediately after
development and when it must have proved successful. This procedure may be
drastic if the new system fails.
c. Phased changeover
In
phased changeover method, the system usually starts with one unit or department
of the organization. The advantage is that the organization would avoid losses
in case it (the new system) fails.
Pilot changeover
In
pilot changeover, some operations that are complex may be run in parallel with
the new system followed by a direct change in some other remaining application.
Changeover
Recommendation
Here
in this project work, the parallel changeover method is recommended as running
the two systems simultaneously or in parallel would enable the commission to
have enough time to train her staff on the new system usage.
Moreover,
there would be no big losses in case the developed system fails.
Maintenance Details
It
is important to note that even though a system is well-built and software
well-written, definitely it must go wrong at one time or the other. Maintenance
may be taken to mean keeping the working standards of both the hardware and
software constant. This preventive maintenance can be carried out a number of
ways including the active and passive preventive maintenance.
In
one way, diagnostic software can be installed alongside the operating system or
even installed as a third party to resolve problems.
Periodic
cleaning of the system, lubricating mechanical components, back up storage, and
reseating chips would be vital to the proper functioning of the system. This
method is regarded as active preventive maintenance.
Steps
can be taken to prevent the system from the environment and this refers to
passive preventive maintenance. These involve introducing power-protecting
devices such as the uninterruptible power supply (UPS), ensuring a clean
temperate-environment and preventing excessive vibration.
Other
areas of consideration for the maintenance of then PC are the surface area of
the circuit board and the monitor, and the floppy, CD-ROM, and the hard disk
drives.
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This
research has been able to identify that the use of computer-based census
management system to carry out census operations would go a long way to help
maintain accurate and reliable information. Furthermore, fast-recording of
relevant data is another advantage.
The
researcher used National Population Commission (NPC) as a case study as that
would be a good environment to study the history, evolvement, problems, etc.,
of the organization.
Moreover,
the study of related literature was also carried out where related issues such
as the history of census, processes involved in census operation, census
information, population growth, population decline, benefits of computer-based
census management system, etc., were discussed.
In
the same way, analysis of the existing system was done to identify the
associated problems. Also solutions to the identified problems were provided
and the need to have a computerized system that would take care of the
identified problems was discussed.
Nonetheless, analysis of the proposed system
was made in which the analysis of how the new system would take care of the
problems associated with the old system was done. This is done by the
decomposition of the high level model of the proposed system.
Finally,
documentation and implementation were affected, and the system requirement, changeover
procedure, manual and training of the staff were handled.
Conclusion
The
study of the existing system was done. And the new system designed.
The
need for the computerization of the organization was highly emphasized as
computer could store, update, and retrieve information in a manner that no
human agent can do. Computer could always process data and produce accurate and
reliable results when given correct data. The use of computer in census
operations will solve problems encountered in the manual system. Hence, one
could then conclude that the computerization of the Census activities is a
welcomed development that must be undertaken as it has as advantages;
The
increase in processing speed
Improved
storage facilities and easy retrieval
Bridge
the gap of transporting data with vehicle through the use of computer network.
Recommendations
The
efficiency and effectiveness of using computer to handle census taking has
already been identified by the researcher, therefore the researcher recommends;.
That
the computer based census management system should be adopted in the National
Population Commission (NPC).
.
That
the parallel changeover methodology should be adopted as that would give room
for the comparison of results.
.
That
the staff of the commission should be thoroughly trained on the use of the software
as it would enable them to be competent.
Suggested Areas for
Further Research
Of
course, this system does not contain everything about census as claiming that
would mean fallacy. The system focused on the collection of information and
report generation. Hence for the system to improve, we now suggested that; .
Other
researchers should go into statistical data and include mathematical procedures
for basic population calculations and projections.
.
Other
researcher should go into biometric data to include components that will detect
fraudulent activities.
Areas of Application
This
system will find application in any agency whose primary job was to enumerate
human beings of any age bracket. For instance, the Anambra State malaria
control department of the Ministry of health enumerates children at infancy and
pregnant women.
REFERENCES
Ashton
Tate (1988), Java reference, Aston Tate Corporation publishers, London.
Akinyosoye
V.O (2009), National Bureau of Statistics: Social Statistics in Nigeria,
Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Chukwudi
P.C & Udenze A.J (2005), Computer based Population Projection, Unpublished
Project Submitted to Computer Science Department Nnamdi Azikiwe University,
Awka.
Fred
R. McFadden and Jeffery A. Hoofer (1988), Database management, 2nd edition, The
Benjamin.s/Cumming publishing company Inc, U.S.A.