Computer Science Project Topic: DESIGNING A COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR THE REGISTRATION OF PATIENTS IN FSDT&T CLINIC/LABORATORY

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DESIGNING A COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR THE REGISTRATION OF PATIENTS IN FSDT&T CLINIC/LABORATORY

BY
                                          
XXXXXXXXXXX

A Project Research Submitted To The Department Of Computer Science Faculty Of Natural Science Caritas University Amorji Nike, Emene Enugu.

In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements For The Award Of Bachelor’s  Of Science (B.Sc) Degree In Computer Science

Caritas University


August 2010.



CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this design was carried out by Chukwu Richard of Computer Science Department, Our Saviour Institute of Science, Agriculture and Technology (OSISATECH) Polytechnic, Enugu for the award of National Diploma  under the supervision of:

……………………………..                                            .……………………….
      Mr. Ugwuanyi Uchenna                                                        Date  
  (PROJECT SUPERVISOR)




………………………………                                            …………………..……..
      Engr. Achi Ifeanyi                                                           Date
HOD, COMPUTER SCIENCE




………………………………..                                         ………………………….
     External Examiner                                                                    Date
    







DEDICATION
This project work is dedicated to God Almighty the giver of all wisdom, my parents and siblings for their moral support throughout this research.

















ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my profound thanks and appreciation to God almighty for his guidance and protection throughout this period. I also wish to acknowledge my parents for their consult help in making sure that this project is a success and for my siblings and friends for their advice as well as constructive critics without which this project would not be complete. Much of my appreciation goes to my project supervisor Mr. Ugwuanyi Uchenna under whose morally support and direction on this project has been made plausible and worthwhile and my Honorable HOD, Engr. Achi Ifeanyi.
Finally, I want to thank my parents, who supported me, may God bless them Amen.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table Of Contents

CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Statement Of The Problem
Aim Of The Study
Limitations And Delimitations Of The Study
Statement Of Hypothesis
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE  REVIEW
An Overview Of  The Project
History Of Dentistry
Computer Component  And Evolution
Computer Evolution
Software Evolution
Types Of Software
System Software
Application Software
Dental Forms And Types
Classification
Medical History Form
Social History Form
Dental History Form
Pre-Treatment Form
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology
Research Design
Areas Of Study
Materials For The Design
Method Of Design
Quality Control
Method Of Data Analysis
Test of  Hypothesis
CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
Design of the New System
Input Specification and Design
Input One
Input Two
Steps in Visual Basic
Database File Using Microsoft Access
Program Flowchart
Save the Program
Installation
System Source Report
Quality Control Test
Comments On The Overall Use Of The Software
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations
References



















ABSTRACT
The study was aimed at designing computer software for registration of patient’s in FSDT&T clinic/laboratory. The work was reviewed from text books, journals, website which highlights the process of designing of designing the software using waterfall model method requirement, design, implementation, installation and maintenance. Then sing visual basic 6.0 and MSDN to create the interface, writing the code and set the properties and Microsoft Access for the database.










CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
          A computer is a piece of electronic equipment which accepts input of data using pre-defined instructions known as computer programs to execute the task in order to produce output (Anyaogu,2003).
According to Anyaogu, (2003), a computer program is a sequence of logically valid instructions which tells the computer what it is required to do. These programs or instructions are written in computer language. Software can be defined as that ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence which is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use the machine language (www.wikiepedia.com).
Dental software are written in an assembly language essentially a mnemonic representation of machine language using natural language alphabet and it is classified under application software which allows end users to accomplish one or more specific task, (www.freedictionary.com).
In accordance with 21st century technology treatment plan and upgrading of equipment and record keeping in a particular format with uploading of patient’s medical/dental history as they visit the dental laboratory/ clinic is necessary. There is need to develop a soft record of a particular patient/ client past history accessible whenever he/she visit the laboratory/clinic brings about the development of a computer aided software to store this record instead of the use of papers and cards.
User written software are end-user development tailor-made systems to meet user’s specific needs, example dental patient laboratory/clinic registration software which helps in designing computer based information system ranging from relatively simple data entry to retrieval of jobs requiring long term analysis and planning.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
          In combating the lost of vital patient dental documents/history in the laboratory/ clinic there is need to designing a computer based software for the registration of dental patients. The loss of these in formations is as a result of the following
·        Poor information storage method:  The use of office files and file cabinet is not a good form of information storage those days.
·        Insecurity of data because it is prone to vandalization and unauthorized accessibility.
·        Duplication of data in various departments because of the nature of work needed.
It takes a long time in accessing records in the manual system due to the nature of work in the clinic. It is always good for materials to finish unnoticed.
AIMS OF THE STUDY
          The aim of this study is to design computer software for the registration of dental patient in federal school of dental technology and therapy clinic/laboratory.
Other aims of the work include the following
a)     To work towards the elimination of ineffective modes of operation. It centers on the user having a good atmosphere for work thereby minimizing stress.
b)    The objective from the initiator of the proposal is generally towards combating all the problems discovered on the existing system, which are listed under the problem of study.
c)     Safeguarding of information through effective monitoring and accessing of the storage data in given filling processing system (data base).

LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.
The hindrances that were faced during this project work are lack of finance to carryout the project effectively and efficiently.
Another hindrance was the location and availability of a programmer to design the program. The high cost of a computer system and the functions used in the design the software also posed some hindrances to this project but later it was overcome when a functional computer set was delivered to the programmer.
The academic work load and the time frame for the project work was also another hindrance.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
This work was reviewed from textbooks, journals, website, published and unpublished books with the following sub- headings:
-      History of Dentistry.
-      Computer component and Evolution.
-      Types of Software.
-      Models used in designing software.
-      Steps in designing software.
-      Software Evolution.
-      User- Written software.
HISTORY OF DENTISTRY
Dentistry by definition is a branch of medicine that involves diagnosis, prevention and treatment of any disease concerned with teeth, oral cavity and associated structures (www.inventors.about.com). According to Wikipedia encyclopedia, dentistry is the known evaluation, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases, disorders and conditions of the soft and hard tissues of the jaw, the oral cavity, maxillofacial areas and the adjacent and associated structures and their impact on the human body. It is considered necessary for complete overall health. Dentistry as evidence started around the 5000BC and 7000BC by the Indus valley civilization in Palestine, Indian, Egypt, Japan and China, which describes how the earliest form of dentistry involved curing of tooth related disordered with bow drills operated, also describes a tooth worm as the cause of dental caries. The Edwin Smith Papyrus written in the 17th century BC but which reflect previous manuscript from as early as 3000BC, includes the treatment of several dental Ailments and an early attempt at dental prosthetics and surgery on some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans (Douglas, 1978)
The history evolves from using forceps to extract teeth, using wire to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws. During the middle age and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself and often dental procedure were performed by barber or general physicians in who barbers extract teeth to alleviate pain and associated chronic tooth infection. It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry developed which said that Pierre Fauchard started dentistry science and called the father of modern dentistry whose development were the extensive use of dental prosthesis, introduction of dental fillings as a treatment to dental caries and the facts that sugar derivative acids such as tartaric acid are responsible for dental decay. And so many materials, methods and treatment plan and equipments have evolved ever since for treatment of dental patients to restore confidence and convenience. (wikipedia.org, cda.org, ada.com).
COMPUTER COMPONENT AND EVOLUTION.
The computer as earlier defined is a piece of electronic equipment which accepts input in form of data using pre-defined instructions known as computer programs to execute the task in order to produce output (Anyaogu,2003). These operations are carried out by the components which are hardware likes:
-      Monitor (CRT, cathode ray tube), which is the output devices that provides principal visual contact with the microcomputer system.
-      System Unit the main computer system cabinet usually houses the power supply which provides electrical power to all components housed in the system unit, the system board/motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer system which include CPU, main memory chips, expansion slot where additional computers can be plugged in, the storage devices usually a high capacity hard disk external drives (diskette, CDs, DVDs, flash drives).
-      The keyboard made up of a circuit board and related electronic components that generate a unique electronic code when each key is pressed.
-      The central processing unit which is the brain of the computer, it reads and interprets software instructions and co-ordinate the processing activities that must take place. This includes: main memory, stored data, information and instructions, arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logical operations likes addition, subtraction, division and multiplication and any type of comparism,(putting data in a particular order). The control units serve as the commander of the system. It tells the microcomputer what to do and how to do it (Adibe, 2005).
COMPUTER EVOLUTION
The development of modern day computer was the result of advances in technologies and man’s need to quantify. Papyrus helped early man to record language and numbers. The Abacus was the first counting machine. It was invented in the year 2400BC in Babylon. The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer which was designed to calculate astronomical positions. The use of Algorithms and Binary logic which are used for summary and application of arithmetic to algebra. The binary logic was zero’s (0) and one’s (1). The use of punch cards invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1808. Before the 1920s computer use human clerks that perform computations. On producing a computation machine after the 1920s that the first generation computers came into being (1934-1954) (vacuum tubes) which were very big and perform various computations. E.g. which were very big and perform various computations, (UNIVAC).
Second generation computers (1954-1959). (Transition). The emergence of transistors radios, recording machine accounting.
Third generation computers (1959-1971) (IC). Efforts was made in the 1960’s to design and develop the fastest possible computer with the greatest capacity reached a turning point with LARC machine (Livermore radiation laboratory) with a base memory of 98,000words with RAM and during this period the major computer manufacturers began to offer range  of compatibilities and prices as well as accessories such as console, card feeder, page printer, cathode ray-tube displays, graphing devices used in accounting, payroll, billing, ordering supplies.
Fourth generation computers (1971-1991). (Microprocessor). These microprocessors are handling 32bits of data at a time and could process about 4,000,000 instructions per second. It was equipped with read only memory (ROM) which stores constantly used, unchanging programs, now performed an increased number of process control, testing, monitoring and diagnosing functions like duties and automobile ignition system, production line inspection duties and automobile- engine diagnosis. The use of desktop computers, video games.
Fifth generation computers (1991 and beyond). The invent of World Wide Web (www). Other modification, sophisticated handset/ phones, the wearable computers like blue tooth hand free.(Wikipedia.com,computersciencelab.com,computerhistory.com,inventors.about.com).
SOFTWARE EVOLUTION
Software evolution in the late 1890’s and has been on the increase till date. Various packages are being designed for different end users tasks from cumbersome work plan to a more simple but sophisticated designs of software and variations according to the application they are used for. It takes months for a programmer if not years to design application software that will pass through all the processes of construction, debugging (testing software) and installation (Okafor, 2004).

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes:
-      System software.
-      Application software
-      Utility software (Adibe, 2005).
SYSTEM SOFTWARE: this is to insulate the applications programmer as much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex being used especially memory and other hardware features and such accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboard (Roland, 2008). It also helps run the computer hardware and computer system which includes: device driver, diagnostic tools, operating systems, servers, utilities and windowing systems. Also systems software allows the user to interact with the computer and comprises of large number of instructions that can be grouped into internal command instructions. External command instructions, language processors (Adibe, 2005).
APPLICATION SOFTWARE: are programs that carry out the tasks required by the user. It allows the end user to accomplish one or more specific (noon-computer related) tasks. These applications include: Industrial automation business software, medical software and utility software which provide any specific sequence of records for upgrading, reporting or any other use. (Douglas, 1978).
DENTAL FORMS AND TYPES
Dental form is an official document containing questions and spaces for answers about the dental history, social history, medical history and pre-treatment history of patient which will enable the clinician make evaluation and dental treatment. (Lorimar et. al., 1995).
Patients are often confused as to the reasons why they need to fill out medical and dental history forms, people often do not realize how their dental health affects their physical health and also how their physical health affects their dental health. The answers to the questions in this forms helps to provide the clinician with better treatment recommendations that are specific to the patient. The clinician can teach the patient what risk factors affect his/her health.
CLASSIFICATIONS
There are different sub classes of dental forms but for the purpose of this work I will be identifying and discuss four types which are:
-Medical History Form.
-Social History Form.
-Dental History Form.
-Pre-treatment Form.(dentalrecord.com,dentalgentlecare.com).
Medical history form: the medical history deals with the general medical/ clinical examination of the patients. This is important because when combined with the results of your initial clinical examination, the clinician will then be able to access the patients immediate dental care needs and recommend the best treatment approach to a particular case. This form records everything about the patient’s health, even if the patient thinks it doesn’t relate to his/her mouth e.g. if a patient have had surgery or major illness, he/she should be sure to include this information in the medical history, many disease can have significant effects on the patient’s mouth and teeth and research continues to discover ways in which oral health is related to overall health. Information about medications the patient is currently taking can be vital to his/ her health, especially in an emergency, or during treatment as regards administration of drugs. (dentalgentlecare.com, cda-ada.ca).
Social history form: this form deals with the patient social history in relations to his/her family history, friends, type of work, locations of residence so as to help the clinician in given treatments and alerting the relations in case of emergencies. (dentalrecords.com).
Dental history form: patients are often confused as to the reasons why they need to fill out dental history forms. People often do not realize how their dental health affects their physical health. The answers to these questions help provide the clinician with better treatment recommendations that are specific to the patients. The clinician can teach the patient what risk factors affect his/her health. (dentalgentlecare.com). Dental examinations can reveal gum disease, cavities, oral cancers, poor oral health conditions that are linked to diabetes, heart disease and poor/ rehabilitated overall health of the patient. This form helps clinician with better treatment that is specific to each patient. (dentalgentlecare.com).
Pre-treatment form: the form contains some questions about the type of treatment the patient need to undergo. These treatments are indicated by the dentist and the department responsible for the treatment will render the services. Its important is to enable the clinician to know the exact treatment to be given and the necessary department to carry out this treatment.(dentalforms.com, dentalgentlecare.com).                                                

CHAPTER THREE
DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology deals with the method applied in collecting information which includes the design, case study, population of the study, materials for the design of a new system, method of operation and instruments in use.
RESEARCH DESIGN
An experimental research design will be adopted here where software will be design for dental patients’ registration.
AREA OF STUDY
The area of study is Federal School of Dental Technology And Therapy, P.M.B.01473, Trans-Ekulu, in Enugu East local government area of Enugu State in Nigeria. It is a professional institution for the training of dental Technologists and Dental Therapist. The school has different departments with a population of over five hundred students. It has a dental clinic and laboratory for treatment of patient/client visiting the clinic, the dental clinic treats patient with various oral diseases and renders services like extraction, filling, OHI (oral health instructions), drug administration, surgery, radiography and other services, the dental laboratory renders restorative services to patients/client attending Federal School of Dental Technology and Therapy clinic.
MATERIALS FOR THE DEISGN
Materials as computer sets, disc plate, diskette, manuscripts of dental/medical history form programmable software like (Microsoft visual basic 6.0, Microsoft excel/access and Microsoft power point/MSDN) are used in the design of the software.
METHOD OF DESIGN
A concise approach/method using users interface design, database analysis and C# (Microsoft excel/access in designing the software in which a linker and compiler is used to link the interface, database together and written on a CD with a CDR-W QUALITY CONTROL
To check the quality/ efficiency of the software measure as running the program on a different computers, using debugger to check for errors while compiling the software and when in use are put into consideration, checking viruses and installation of antivirus that can short down the database so that patient’s data might not be lost. Setting up of workable password to avoid the database so that patient’s data/documents are kept confidential. Questionnaires were designed to check the acceptability and working ability of the software.
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The input and output design of the software will be used testing with a downloadable software to check how it process data and feedback mechanism, structured questionnaires will be used to carryout  evaluation of the software.
Organizational Structure/Chart

 












The organization chart of FSDT&T CLINIC/LABORATORY is a function that shows the direction and chain of command from the top to the least in office and who is responsible and answerable to each other to enhance effective communication in the hospital for delivery of an effective and efficient policy.










CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN AND IMPLEMETATION AND TESTING
DESIGN OF THE NEW SYSTEM.
 The major factor taken into consideration is the storage of data/information in an electronic format. These new systems have different sections or registration of patients.
INPUT SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN
The input specification supplies data needed for calculation as well as the program that tells the computer how and what to do with the data. The standard input unit for this specification includes the keyboard and mouse, light pen. The inputs to the system are:
1.     Create the interface (form).
2.     Set the properties.
3.     Write the code
4.     Design and create the database file.
5.     Accessing the database files from within an application through different set of protocols and interface media.
6.     Providing adequate mechanism through which access to the database is controlled and verified.

DATABASE FILE USING MICRSOFT ACCESS.
Microsoft access
S/N
FIELD NAME
FIELD TYPE
FIELD SIZE
1
Patients Name
Text
40
2
Gender
Text
12
3
Age
Integer
5
4
Religion
Text
10
5
Status
Text
12
6
Home Address
Text
31
7
Hospital Number
Text/ Integer
13
8
Phone Number
Integer
18
9
Occupation
Text
14
10
Nationality
Text
12
11
State
Text
11
12
Next of Kin
Text
40
13
Blood Group
Text
5
14
Genotype
Text
4
15
Rhesus +/-
Text
9
16
Past Dental History
Text
250
17
Family History
Text
200
18
Past Medical History
Text
200
19
Scaling and Polishing
Text
5
20
Hospital Number
Integer
13
21
Radiography
Text
5
22
Prophylasics
Text
5
23
Restorative Services
Text
5
24
Orthodontic Services
Text
5
25
Surgery
Text
5
26
Others
Text
5
27
Date
Integer
15
28
Extra Oral Examination
Text
25
29
Intra Oral Examination
Text
25
30
Treatment Plan
Text
450
31
Date of Next Appointment
Integer
24

Microsoft access
S/N
FIELD NAME
FIELD TYPE
FIELD SIZE
1
Patients Name
Text
22
2
Hospital Number
Text
20
3
Address
Text
25
4
Treatment
Text
22
5
Amount
Integer
20
6
Date of Payment
Integer
24

PROGRAM FLOW CHART
The flow chart was used for effective graphical representation of the program for easy accessibility and use by end users to give a brief output and input of how the program runs in the system.
System Flow Chart                                                           
Accessing the database file from within an application using the compiler, the debugger to remove all errors and the installer for easy installation and linking the code with the interface and database of the software. The command button links up and when clicked on the start button helps to run the program through installed programs like MSDN, visual basic Microsoft access and Microsoft excel.
SAVE THE PROGRAM
On the file menu, click the save project as command. The program can be saved at anytime during programming process. The saved file as dialog box appears, prompting you for the name and storage location for the form. It is saved in the practice folder that the C# step by step practice files installation program created on your hard disk/ disc.
INSTALLATION
The computer system is put on and the disk is inserted in the drive and clicks the start button. Click my computer and drive D, then on the windows that appear click install and it automatically install the program on the system. After which the disc is ejected automatically.
SYSTEM SOURCE REPORT
After installing the software data was input and after running the program, the output was shown on the monitor. The output can also be printed on paper; therefore it indicates that the design of the new system is efficient and effective. The software was designed to be user friendly and can run on all operating systems (windows operating system, DOS).
QUALITY CONTROL TEST
The quality control test was designed to determine the acceptability of the design and how literate people were and how it works. The test was carried out in the school clinic/laboratory with 10 respondent was use which comprises of 4 Technologist, 3 Therapist and 3 Surgeons. The finding is as tabulated below:
Item
No
Percentage
Excellent
6
60%
Good
3
30%
Fair
1
10%
Total
10
100%

How do you see the project work?
6(60%) of the respondent says the work is excellent, 3(30%) says good and 1(10%) says fair.



Item
No
Percentage
Yes
8
80%
No
2
20%
Unsure
0
0%
Total
10
100%

Where you able to understand and use the work?
 8(80%) of the respondent were able to understand and use the software, 2(20%) did not use it, 0(0%) was unsure.
Item
No
Percentage
Yes
0
0%
No
8
80%
Unsure
2
20%
Total
10
100%

When filling the form did you encounter any problem of loading/hanging?
8(80%) said they did not encounter any hanging while filling the form, 2(20%) was unsure and 0(0%) did not experience hanging.
Item
No
Percentage
Yes
9
90%
No
1
10%
Unsure
0
0%
Total
10
100%

Where you able to access the database file?
9(90%) were able to access the database file of each patient registered, 1(10%) was not able to access the database file reasons not stated.
Item
No
Percentage
Excellent
5
50%
Good
3
30%
Fair
2
20%
Total
10
100%

How did you see the payment option?
5(50%) found the payment option as excellent, 3(30%) found it as good, 2(20%) said it is fair.
Comments on the overall use of the software.
90% wants the software to be put to use immediately for registration of patients. 40% wants it to be upgraded and new things added into it (see appendix). 100% of all likes the project work and encourage more of the kind of work.

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY
The research design was carried out to design a computer software for registration of patients attending FSDT&T clinic and because of loss of patients documentation and history this software was design which is user friendly (user oriented) to tackle the problems of card and paper in the aspect of patient’s registration and payment records.
Patient Registration: The software is able to register patient’s through the input device by the desk users. The patient’s dental history, medical history and social history is input into the system through the software link and along side the treatment plan/history is also input into it. The patient history can also be uploaded in case of reference, referral or amendments of the patient’s attending FSDT&T clinic when put to test.
Payment: The software is able to record through  input the amount paid by each patient that attends the clinic and this part of the software also gives an accurate account of the step by step payment made to the clinic bursary. The software has a help desk that deals with the information about the software and the school, it is version 1.0.
Quality Control Test: from the respondents view and discussion 84% of the respondent found the job to be excellent and understandable and should be put to use and encourage immediate use of the software.
CONCLUSION  
After the research design of the new software it is concluded that in accordance with the line of duty of the 21st century technological treatment plan and record keeping with payment options. It is necessary to design and implement this software for easy and fast healthcare delivery in our institution. The software was design to tackle problems of loss of patient records, clerking, use of cards and papers to reduce the level of damage generated by the use of this materials, the more need for a soft copy of the patient’s records. It is concluded thus that the software is user friendly and could run on any windows operating system/ disc operating system.
RECOMMENDATION        
The following recommendations were made with regards to the design and finding from the quality control test carried out on the software:
-      The software should be put to use so that better oral health care delivery can be carried out through clerking and records.
-      It was also recommended that each of the departments should be supplied with a computer set and a central computer for easy networking and access to the database of the software, and give adequate report and workload of each department in line with the technological trends of the 21st century.
-      It was recommended that further upgrade of the software should be done as the advancement comes up in technology.























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Anyaogu, V.O (2003), Computer Literacy and Application For Professionals
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Lorimar, T.L.& Cummings M., Hamlen N., et al, (1995), The Encyclopedia
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Microsoft  Encarta 2009.  1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.

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Staintonskinn, J. (1986), Word Processing Theory And Practice, England,
 Stanley Thornes (Publisher) Ltd Leckhampton.





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